Understand learned helplessness and its flip-side, learned hope. Discover a new thing you can blame on your parents. Find out why optimism can get us into trouble, but hope can make us live longer. And learn the best self-motivation hack.

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We've made a donation to the ASPCA in honor of the animal research mentioned in this episode.

Further Reading:

• Charisse Nixon's learned helplessness test (2007) 
• Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience by Maier, & Seligman (2016) 
• Learning helplessness in the family: Maternal agency and the intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms by River, Borelli, Vazquez, & Smiley (2018)
• The Adult Hope Scale by Snyder, Irving, & Anderson (1991)
• Longitudinal effects of hope on depression and anxiety by Arnau et. al (2006)
• Hope uniquely predicts objective academic achievement above intelligence, personality, and previous academic achievement by Day et. al (2010)
• Having the will and finding the way by Reichard, Avey, Lopez, & Dollwet (2013)
• Hopelessness predicts mortality in older Mexican and European Americans by Stern et al. (2001)
• Brief online training enhances competitive performance by Lane et. al (2016)
• The inner speech of behavioral regulation by Dolcos & Albarracin (2014)

Produced by Scarlet Moon Things
Music by Barrie Gledden, Kes Loy, and Richard Kimmings