While medical advances have significantly increased our ability to give life to pre-term infants, more cognitive disabilities and disadvantages are present when these children reach school age. Is the deficit is due to early separation from the mother, or possibly our post-delivery treatments? Dr. Anna Penn, assistant professor of pediatrics at Stanford University School of Medicine, and a neonatologist at Packard Children's Hospital, talks with host Dr. Bill Rutenberg about her current research in this area. Dr. Penn specifically addresses how hormone levels impact the brain development of preemies.