Ellie takes us back to the corner of Afro-Eur-Asia to witness the dramatic close of the bronze age, the rise of a new metal, a new empire, and the origins of a new religion. In India we’ll see a new spiritual movement in Sanskrit, and finally in Mesoamerica our final so-called "cradle. "

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Note: Visit our site if your after official episode sources. Links below are to peruse and to compliment the episode for more depth.

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Interconnection of the Mediterranean World and the Bronze Age Collapse

• Akkadian became the Lingua Franca of the whole Bronze Age world by the time of the collapse.
• King Tut’s widow.
• Hurian Hymn number 6 played by Charlie! This oldest surviving melody was found on a tablet in the rubble of Ugarit.
• Who built the walls of Troy?
• Is the rubble of Megiddo the origin for the world armageddon?
• Trojan war.

Neo Assyrian Assyrian Empire

• The Assyrian Empire’s brutal propaganda. Examples of imagery here, here and here. Or text here and a third of the way down the page here.
• A translation of a portion of the Assyrian law codes. Warning they are quite violent.
• Relocation policy.
• The story of the 10 lost tribes.

Origin of the Israelites in Canaan

• First mention of the word “Israel” is on the Merneptah Stele.
• Biblical scholars and Yale Divinity School professors Joel Baden and John J Collins offer brief takes on very early Israelite history.
• Omri and his son, Ahab, built and expanded the northern capital in the city of Samaria.
• The Israelites have two kingdoms: Israel in the North and Judah in the South.
• Hoshea is the last king of Israel.
• The story of the 10 lost tribes.

Vedic Period in India

• When and where horses were domesticated, and how they contributed to the spread of the Indo-European languages and cultures, is extremely controversial.
• Quick history of chariots in the ancient world.
• Sanskrit.
• Vedas. The text of the Rig Veda in PDF form.
• A little more context for the word Aryan including how it was hijacked in the modern world.
• Or check out the book Which of Us Are Aryans? for an in depth look from many perspectives on all the controversy surrounding the influx of Vedic culture into India.

Olmecs

• San Lorenzo, La Venta, and Tres Zapotes are the three main urban centers of the Olmecs.
• Wild teosinte plants compared to domesticated corn/maize. Example, example, example. Compared to wild emmer vs wheat for example.
• The stone heads are perhaps the most recognizable pieces of Olmec art. Example, example, example.
• In addition to the iconic heads, thrones were carved form the same volcanic stone.
• The Olmec culture is known for its art in general including intricate works in jade. Example, example, example.
• The Olmecs are likely the “mother culture” of many leter Meso-American peoples. Here we find the early examples of the ball game, calendar, writing, pyramids, and pantheon that dominate culture here for the next 2000 years.

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