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In this episode of American Socrates, we explore how to think for yourself in a world flooded with misinformation, conspiracy theories, and social-media noise. We trace the roots of independent thought from Descartes’ method of doubt to Kant’s Sapere Aude and Mill’s defense of individuality, showing how these timeless ideas apply to working-class life today. Learn the cognitive pitfalls that make independent thinking hard — from confirmation bias to motivated reasoning — and discover practical tools to question claims, check evidence, and engage thoughtfully with others. Whether you’re scrolling your feed, navigating workplace chatter, or just trying to make sense of the news, this episode gives you the skills to reason with humility, curiosity, and courage.

Keywords: independent thinking, critical thinking, misinformation, Descartes, Kant, Mill, working-class philosophy, cognitive biases, reasoning skills.

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