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How High Can Birds Fly?


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In 1973, an airliner struck a bird called a Rüppell's griffon vulture – which, on its own, isn't that weird; planes hit birds pretty regularly during takeoffs and landings. But this collision happened at a cruising height of over 11,000 meters – WAY above the height at which most birds fly – which makes us wonder: what is the highest a bird can actually fly?

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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:

  • Lift Coefficient: A dimensionless number that represents how effectively a wing generates lift based on its shape and angle. The higher the coefficient, the more lift produced.
  • Square Cube Law: A principle stating that as an object increases in size, its volume grows much faster than its surface area. This affects heat loss/gain and strength, impacting flight feasibility.
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      Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director

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      REFERENCES

      Special thanks to Dr. Maria Stager and Dr. Bret Tobalkse

      Grubb, B.R. (1983). Allometric relations of cardiovascular function in birds. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1983.245.4.H567

      Bishop, C.M. (1999). Heart mass and the maximum cardiac output of birds and mammals: implications for estimating the maximum aerobic power input of flying animals. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0919

      Hawkes, L.A., et al (2011). The trans-Himalayan flights of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1017295108

      Hawkes, L.A., et al (2013). The paradox of extreme high-altitude migration in bar-headed geese Anser indicus. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2114

      Tennekes, H. (2009). The Simple Science of Flight: From Insects to Jumbo Jets (revised and expanded ed.). MIT Press. ISBN: 9780262700658

      Senner, N.R., et al (2018). High-altitude shorebird migration in the absence of topographical barriers: avoiding high air temperatures and searching for profitable winds. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0569

      McKechnie, A.E. & Swanson, D.L. (2010). Sources and significance of variation in basal, summit and maximal metabolic rates in birds. https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.6.741

      Tucker, V.A. (1968). Respiratory physiology of house sparrows in relation to high-altitude flight. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.48.1.55

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      Scott, G.R., et al (2015). How bar-headed geese fly over the Himalayas. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00050.2014

      Meir, J.U., et al (2019). Reduced metabolism supports hypoxic flight in the high-flying bar-headed goose (Anser indicus). https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44986

      Scott, G.R. (2011). Elevated performance: the unique physiology of birds that fly at high altitudes. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.052548

      Weber, R.E., Hiebl, I., & Braunitzer, G. (1988). High-altitude and hemoglobin function in the vultures Gyps rueppellii and Aegypius monachus. Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler, 369(4), 233–240. PMID: 3401328

      Butler, P.J., et al (2000). Heart rate and rate of oxygen consumption during flight of the barnacle goose, Branta leucopsis. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(00)00221-X

      Butler, P.J. (2016). The physiological basis of bird flight. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0384

      Scott, G.R., et al (2009). Evolution of muscle phenotype for extreme high altitude flight in the bar-headed goose. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0947

      Bernstein, M.H., Duran, H.L., & Pinshow, B. (1984). Extrapulmonary gas exchange enhances brain oxygen in pigeons. Science, 226(4674), 564–566. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6436975

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