For thousands of years, humans have used psychedelics, but how have these substances influenced our evolutionary path? Does the Stoned Ape Theory hold true? And might psychedelics offer solutions to humanity’s greatest challenges, such as political division, war, and climate change? In this episode of The Integration Session, we are joined by Dr. Michael Winkelman, author of The Handbook for Entheogenic Healing and a recent article in the Journal of Psychedelic Studies, “Psychedelics and the Future Evolution of Humanity.” We explore how psychedelics have shaped human development and their potential to guide our future. From enhancing brain plasticity to promoting ultrasociality that could reduce conflict, could psychedelics be a key to addressing today’s most urgent global issues?
Michael J. Winkelman, Ph.D. (University of California-Irvine), M.P.H. (University of Arizona) is retired from the School of Human Evolution and Social Change at Arizona State University where he served as the Head of Sociocultural Anthropology; Director of the Ethnographic Field School in Ensenada, BC, Mexico; and Director of the M.P.H. in Community Health. Winkelman served as President of the Anthropology of Consciousness section of the American Anthropological Association, as was the founding President of its Anthropology of Religion Section. Winkelman has engaged in cross-cultural and interdisciplinary research on shamanism, psychedelics, and the alteration of consciousness for 40 years. His books on shamanism (Shamans, Priests and Witches [1992] and Shamanism: A Biopsychosocial Paradigm of Consciousness and Healing [2nd ed., 2010] use cross-cultural and evolutionary methods to examine these ancient spiritual and ritual healing capacities. He is the co-editor of Psychedelic Medicine (2 volumes, 2007), Advances in Psychedelic Medicine (2019) and a Frontiers in Psychology special issue on Psychedelic Sociality, and editor of a special issue of the Journal of Psychedelic Studies on Psychedelics in History and World Religions. He recently edited the Handbook of Entheogenic Healing (Brill, 2025). He served as an expert witness for Santo Daime in their defense against the US Department of Justice in 2009.