How To Protect The Ocean

Bacteria that eat plastic sounds like the fix everyone's been waiting for, and Andrew gets sent videos about it constantly. So on this solo episode, following Monday's interview with Dr. Anja Brandon of Ocean Conservancy, he goes looking for the real state of the science. The short version: it's promising, it's roughly a decade of real research deep, and it is nowhere close to running at the scale the ocean plastic crisis actually needs.

The bacterium that started this whole field, Ideonella sakaiensis, was discovered breaking down PET plastic in Japan in 2016. A 2025 breakthrough from NREL, UMass Lowell, and the University of Portsmouth engineered an improved PET-degrading enzyme that cut chemical use by more than 99%, running costs by 74%, and energy use by 65%, modeling out to a cost that actually undercuts virgin plastic. It's a genuinely exciting result. It's also still lab-stage, with no commercial plant running it yet. Carbios, the French company furthest along at trying to bring enzymatic PET recycling to industrial scale, is proof of just how hard that jump is: its flagship French plant is delayed, its cash reserves have been cut by more than a third, it slashed 40% of its workforce, and it's now pivoting toward a joint venture in China that's faced its own shareholder disputes.

Then there's the other technology people call "plastic-eating," chemical recycling through pyrolysis, which isn't biological at all. It's plastic melted down with extreme heat back into oil and gas, currently handling under 1.3% of US plastic waste according to advocacy group Beyond Plastics, regulated by the EPA as a form of incineration (a classification the agency is actively trying to change as of this year), and excluded from the EU's own definition of recycling entirely. Andrew lays out where the real hope sits, where the hype outruns the evidence, and why reduce, reuse, and refuse still does more for the ocean than any of this, at least for now.

Takeaways:

• The bacterium behind the "plastic-eating bacteria" field, Ideonella sakaiensis, was discovered in Japan in 2016, and the research is real but still roughly a decade from meaningful commercial scale.
• A 2025 enzyme breakthrough from NREL, UMass Lowell, and the University of Portsmouth models out to costs that undercut virgin plastic, but it's a lab and modeling result, not a running commercial plant.
• Carbios, the company furthest along at industrial-scale enzymatic PET recycling, still can't get its flagship French plant operational and is now pivoting toward a contested joint venture in China.
• Chemical recycling (pyrolysis) is a separate, non-biological technology that melts plastic down with heat, currently handles under 1.3% of US plastic waste, and is regulated by the EPA as incineration, a classification the agency is actively trying to change in 2026.
• Advocacy group Beyond Plastics found pyrolysis facility emissions can run 10 to 100 times higher than making virgin plastic, and that multiple US pyrolysis facilities have already shut down or gone bankrupt.
• None of these technologies are close to solving ocean plastic pollution at scale right now; reducing single-use plastics at the source still does more, and that requires government leadership, not just individual habit changes.

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Every time you run a load of laundry, your washing machine sheds plastic. Not metaphorically: synthetic clothing made from polyester, nylon, and rayon releases microfibers with every wash, and depending on the study, a single load can shed anywhere from a few hundred thousand to millions of them. Most of us have never thought about it, because unlike a plastic bag on the beach, you can't see it happening. In this episode, Andrew talks with Dr. Anja Brandon, Director of Plastics Policy at Ocean Conservancy, about the plastic pollution problem hiding in plain sight behind the more familiar debates over straws and single-use bottles.

Anja's own path here started at an aquarium, not a policy office. She volunteered there as a student, went on to earn a PhD in environmental engineering from Stanford studying plastic-degrading bacteria, then took a detour into policy through an AAAS/AGU Congressional Science Fellowship, spending a year working inside Senator Jeff Merkley's office translating science into legislation before joining Ocean Conservancy to help build out its plastics policy program from the ground up. Andrew and Anja dig into that career pivot in detail, including her honest read on why plastic-eating bacteria research, despite the viral videos, is still a long way from solving this problem at scale.

From there, the conversation gets practical. Anja walks through what actually happens to a microfiber after it leaves your washing machine (wastewater treatment, biosolids used as fertilizer, and eventually rivers, lakes, and oceans), why its needle-like shape makes it unusually good at lodging in tissue once ingested, and what the evidence says about ocean wildlife and human health. Then she lays out the fix: retrofit filters, low-tech options like the Cora Ball and mesh laundry bags, and Ocean Conservancy's "Not Safe for Wash" (NSFW) campaign pushing for a legal requirement that new washing machines ship with a microfiber filter, the same way seatbelts got phased into cars. California's SB 54 comes up as a model for how extended producer responsibility policy can make manufacturers, not individual households, absorb the cost of the plastic they put into the world.

Takeaways:

• Synthetic clothing sheds microfibers every time it's made, worn, and washed, and depending on the study, a single load of laundry can release anywhere from a few hundred thousand to millions of them.
• Shed microfibers mostly end up caught in wastewater treatment biosolids, which are frequently applied to farmland as fertilizer, meaning they get moved around rather than actually removed from the environment.
• A retrofit or built-in washing machine filter can capture up to 90% of the microfibers a wash cycle would otherwise release, and Ocean Conservancy's own polling found roughly 8 in 10 Americans support requiring them.
• No U.S. state currently requires washing machine microfiber filters, though several have introduced legislation and a similar bill has been introduced federally.
• California's SB 54 uses an extended producer responsibility (EPR) model, making the companies that create plastic packaging financially responsible for its end-of-life costs rather than leaving that bill with taxpayers and consumers.
• Lower-cost individual options exist too: full loads over small ones, lower wash temperatures, less soap, a Cora Ball, or a fine mesh laundry bag for synthetic fabrics.

Ocean Conservation Plastic Pollution webiste: https://oceanconservancy.org/work/plastics/

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A new documentary called Descent – Into the Blue starts airing on public television stations nationwide on September 1, 2026. It's narrated by Peter Coyote, directed by Rory Fielding, and one of its central voices is Mike Goldberg, co-founder of the Florida Keys coral restoration nonprofit I.CARE and owner of Key Dives in Islamorada. Andrew sits down with Mike for the full, unedited version of the conversation this week's four solo episodes have been building toward: 30-plus years running a dive shop, more than 10,000 dives, and a front-row seat to watching the reefs he built his life around collapse under a 2008 bleaching event and, roughly a decade later, Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease. His wife once told him to get out of the business before there was nothing left to sell. Instead, a PhD student who wandered in to fill a couple of scuba tanks became his co-founder, and I.CARE was born.

This episode covers ground the earlier ones in the week didn't get to. Mike explains how a chance lunch with Rory Fielding turned into the documentary, and what he hopes it does for people who've never thought about coral reefs, people, in his words, who "live in St. Louis" and have no reason to. He shares his own anecdotal read (his word, not a scientific claim) that this year's water temperatures would have triggered a mass bleaching event by 1995 standards but haven't, which he takes as a sign that the corals I.CARE has propagated over five and a half years are more heat-resistant than their parents. And he walks through, in his own words, exactly how I.CARE pays for all of it: a $2 add-on on every $100 dive across three Keys dive shops, his own personal 2 percent of dive revenue, and a fiduciary responsibility he says applies just as much to a $2 donor as a major one.

The conversation closes on money and trust, the two things every restoration group eventually has to answer for. Florida's state-level coral restoration funding is genuinely uncertain heading into next year, which makes I.CARE's mostly visitor-funded model and its habit of monitoring 100 percent of what it plants (a 47 percent one-year survival rate across 17 species, reported every year including through the 2023 bleaching event) matter more than it would in a calmer funding environment. Mike's own dive shop, Key Dives, also picked up four first-place wins in Scuba Diving Magazine's 2026 Readers Choice Awards for the US and Canada region, a business result Mike ties directly back to the restoration work. This is the fifth and final episode of a week built around Andrew's interview with Mike Goldberg, co-founder of I.CARE.

The Trailer: https://vimeo.com/1053261342

Takeaways:

• Descent – Into the Blue, a new documentary narrated by Peter Coyote, starts airing on public television stations nationwide September 1, 2026, and Mike Goldberg appears in it as one of its central voices.
• Mike's own read that this year's heat would have caused mass bleaching by 1995 standards but hasn't is his personal, anecdotal observation, not a peer-reviewed finding, a distinction he makes himself on air.
• I.CARE's funding model is built from small, mandatory, layered fees (a $2 dive add-on, Mike's personal 2 percent donation, an additional local-diver fee), not one large ask, and Mike frames all of it as a fiduciary responsibility to every participant.
• I.CARE monitors 100 percent of what it plants rather than a sample, producing a 47 percent one-year survival rate across 17 species that it has reported every year, including through the 2023 bleaching event.
• Florida's state coral restoration funding is genuinely uncertain right now, which is exactly why a visitor-funded, radically transparent model matters more today than it would in a more stable funding environment.

Most coral restoration groups check on a sample of what they've planted, often around 20 to 30 percent, and report that sample as if it represents everything in the water. I.CARE checks on all of it. Every single coral outplant gets monitored at one week, one month, 90 days, then one, two, and three years, with no substitute and nothing left unaccounted for. That rule was built in by co-founders Mike Goldberg and Dr. Kylie Smith before I.CARE ever planted its first coral, and Mike frames it as a matter of fiduciary duty, the same obligation he'd expect from anyone handling someone else's money, whether that's a $2 add-on on a Key Dives trip or a large donation.

The number that discipline actually produces is a 47 percent one-year survival rate, tracked across all 17 coral species I.CARE works with. Mike considers it strong, and few practitioners in the field can even produce a comparable number, since it depends on tracking everything rather than a flattering sample. I.CARE didn't pause that reporting during the 2023 global bleaching event either; it kept publishing survival numbers straight through it. That matters because coral restoration, as a field, mostly doesn't do this. A 2020 peer-reviewed systematic review in PLOS ONE found that roughly 60 percent of restoration projects worldwide were monitored for less than 18 months, and that 45 percent of projects didn't even measure the ecological goals they'd originally set out to hit. A second peer-reviewed paper, published in Conservation Letters in September 2025, goes further, arguing that funding for marine restoration is currently outpacing the underlying science and framing under-monitored projects as a real greenwashing risk to the field.

None of this is about naming or shaming any specific organization; both papers describe a structural, field-wide problem. It also lands at a genuinely uncertain moment for funding: Florida's 2023 executive order promised to restore a quarter of the state's reef tract by 2050, but as of the 2026–2027 budget cycle, neither the state House nor Senate proposal funded the program's second phase, leaving over a dozen research groups and nonprofits needing to shuffle funding. That's exactly why I.CARE's visitor-funded model and its radical transparency about outcomes, good and bad, matter more right now than they would in a world of stable government funding. This is episode four of a four-part week built around Andrew's interview with Mike Goldberg, co-founder of I.CARE, airing Friday.

Takeaways:

• Checking on 100 percent of what's planted, instead of a sample, is unusual in this field, and it's the specific practice Mike credits with earning donor trust.
• I.CARE didn't stop reporting its numbers during a bad year (the 2023 bleaching event). That's arguably the real test of whether transparency is a genuine practice or just a marketing line.
• Field-wide, peer-reviewed research backs up how unusual this actually is: most coral restoration projects worldwide get monitored for a year or less, and close to half don't even measure the goals they originally set out to hit, a gap recent research frames as a real greenwashing risk for the field.
• A spot check of a fraction of what's actually in the water can't tell you the truth about the rest of it, and representing it as if it can misrepresents the real outcome to the people funding the work.
• State and federal funding for Florida's own coral restoration effort is genuinely uncertain right now, documented independently of Mike's interview, which is exactly the kind of risk a visitor-funded, trust-based model is built to survive.

website: https://icareaboutcoral.org/

Coral nurseries need constant maintenance, and that maintenance is expensive and relentless. When Andrew talked to Mike Goldberg, co-founder of I.CARE, his answer wasn't to hire more staff. It was to let paying customers do it for the fun of it. Mike owns a dive shop in the Florida Keys, so the paying customers are scuba divers, and over the years he's built a funding model so small that nobody has ever really complained about it.

None of that makes sense until you understand what coral actually is. It's an animal, not a plant or a rock: what looks like one coral "head" is really a colony of thousands, sometimes millions, of tiny individual animals called polyps, each one secreting a bit of limestone-like skeleton that builds up, generation after generation, into the physical structure of a reef. Most reef-building corals also host a photosynthetic algae, zooxanthellae, living in their own tissue, a genuine partnership that gives coral its color and most of its food energy, and whose loss under heat stress is what "bleaching" actually is. Corals also make more of themselves two completely different ways: asexual fragmentation, where a broken piece reattaches and grows into a genetic clone, which is exactly what coral gardening recreates on purpose, and sexual reproduction, where colonies release eggs and sperm in a synchronized event that produces genuinely new, genetically diverse offspring.

I.CARE's whole nursery operation is built on deliberately harnessing fragmentation, and this episode walks through how that biology turns into a funding model. The pop-up nursery concept, originated by Florida Keys restoration pioneer Ken Nedimyer, lets I.CARE keep coral and sponges just feet from where they'll actually be outplanted instead of stressfully hauling them from one central nursery. And the money behind it comes from small, mandatory, low-friction fees layered together: a $2 add-on on every $100 dive across three dive shops, Mike personally donating 2% of his own dive revenue on top of that, and a local-diver membership fee, all stacked so no single piece feels like a big ask. This is episode three of a four-part week built around Andrew's interview with Mike Goldberg, airing Friday.

Takeaways:

• Cutting a fragment off a healthy coral doesn't hurt it, because a coral colony is really thousands of genetically identical animals, not a single organism the way a fish or a mammal is.
• Coral restoration nurseries are deliberately organized versions of something that already happens naturally when a storm breaks coral apart. The innovation is doing it on purpose, at scale, with a plan for where each fragment ends up.
• The most labor-intensive part of coral restoration, offshore nursery maintenance, got solved with a business idea, not a science one: make it something paying customers want to do anyway.
• I.CARE's funding model isn't one big ask. It's several small, mandatory, low-friction fees layered together, each small enough that nobody has pushed back.
• A conservation program can double as a competitive business advantage. Mike ties Key Dives' award recognition and its restoration work together as the same story.

Website: https://icareaboutcoral.org/

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Mike Goldberg had over 10,000 dives and decades running a dive shop in the Florida Keys, enough time to have seen the reefs at their pristine best. Then came a coral bleaching event in 2008, and a few years later, Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease, a still-unexplained outbreak that's killed coral tissue outright across more than 20 of Florida's roughly 45 stony coral species since 2014. At one point his wife told him directly: the reef isn't what it used to be, and it's not getting better. Get out of the business before there's nothing left to sell. He didn't know what to do about it.

Then, around 2017 into 2018, a young woman walked into his shop just to fill a couple of scuba tanks. She turned out to be Dr. Kylie Smith, a PhD student studying the relationship between parrotfish populations and coral outplants nearby. By the time she left, Mike had asked her a dozen questions. She kept coming back, and he kept asking more, in what he calls his own "period of discovery." It took roughly a year to find direction, and part of that year was Mike convincing Kylie not to take a government job and instead co-found a nonprofit with him, something her own family saw as risky. In this episode, Andrew walks through how that unlikely partnership, her science and his three decades of local hustle, became I.CARE (Islamorada Conservation and Restoration Education): a nonprofit that planted its first coral in January 2021, now runs its own onshore nursery, and partners with Mote Marine Laboratory, Reef Renewal USA, the Florida Aquarium, and the Reef Institute.

This is episode two of a four-part week built around Andrew's interview with Mike Goldberg, co-founder of I.CARE. Monday's episode covered the global state of coral reefs and the case for restoration; this episode is Mike's own story before his full interview airs Friday.

Takeaways:

• I.CARE didn't start with a grant or a strategic plan. It started with a dive shop owner's frustration and one chance conversation with a grad student who walked in to fill some tanks.
• The disease that pushed Mike to act, Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease, isn't like bleaching. It's an unresolved, contagious, tissue-killing outbreak that's been spreading through Florida and the wider Caribbean for over a decade with no confirmed cause.
• The partnership worked because it paired two kinds of expertise that don't usually sit in the same room: a scientist's research and a small business owner's community connections and hustle.
• Mike spent part of a year talking Kylie out of a safer path (a government job) and into co-founding a nonprofit instead, a real risk her own family flagged at the time.
• Watching your own livelihood visibly decline, and choosing to act instead of walking away, is its own kind of origin story, separate from the science.

Website: https://icareaboutcoral.org/

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This year, most of the coral on the planet went through heat stress severe enough to bleach it. That's not a rounding error: 84 percent of the world's reef area, across the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, and NOAA had to add three brand-new alert levels to its Coral Reef Watch scale because the existing one had no category for what was happening. In this episode, Andrew breaks down exactly where global coral reefs stand right now: how the fourth global mass bleaching event on record got declared, why NOAA waited until 2026 to confirm it had actually ended, and why every global bleaching event on record has been worse than the one before it.

From there, Andrew tackles the harder question: if the IPCC's own projections show most reefs disappearing even in a best-case warming scenario, is coral restoration just decoration on a dying patient? He walks through the honest case for restoring reefs anyway, then surveys the full toolkit practitioners actually use beyond planting fragments, including larval propagation ("coral IVF"), selective breeding for heat tolerance, cryopreservation and biobanking, coral probiotics, and engineered substrates like biorock and 3D-printed reef tiles. He digs into the peer-reviewed evidence for whether any of it works (short answer: yes, locally, and not yet at global scale), and closes with a fast history of how restoration itself evolved, from 1970s hand-transplanting to a 2012 lab accident that unlocked 25-to-40-times faster coral growth.

This is episode one of a four-part week built around Andrew's interview with Mike Goldberg, co-founder of ICARE, a coral restoration group in the Florida Keys. The rest of the week digs into specific pieces of Mike's own story before his full interview airs Friday.

Takeaways:

• Coral reefs just came through the most severe global bleaching event ever recorded: 84 percent of the world's reef area affected between 2023 and 2025, and NOAA only confirms an event over after months of monitoring show it's genuinely done, not just cooling off temporarily.
• Even the IPCC's best-case warming scenario still projects most reefs lost, which is the strongest argument for restoring reefs now, not a reason to skip it.
• Fragment-based coral gardening is just one tool. The field also includes selective breeding for heat tolerance, cryopreservation and biobanking, probiotics, engineered substrates like biorock and 3D-printed tiles, and protecting the herbivorous fish and water quality reefs depend on.
• It's genuinely working at the local scale: peer-reviewed studies show restored reefs regaining their coastal-protection function within four years and fish populations rebounding two to three times over fifteen years.
• It is not, on current evidence, a global-scale fix on its own. Restoration investment so far covers a tiny fraction of what's been lost, which is exactly why a "one coral cluster at a time" mindset matters.
• The practice itself has moved fast: hand-transplanting coral in the 1970s, a lab accident in 2012 that unlocked dramatically faster growth, and today's diversified, partnership-driven restoration models.

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Holly Koehler has spent almost thirty years in rooms most people never think about: windowless UN offices in New York, the FAO in Rome, and what she calls "oftentimes very boring hotel ballrooms around the world," where countries hash out how the ocean actually gets managed. She's the Vice President of Policy and Outreach at the International Seafood Sustainability Foundation (ISSF), and before that she spent thirteen years at the U.S. State Department's Office of Marine Conservation, chairing international fisheries negotiations. In this episode, she walks Andrew through how a grad-school internship on sea turtles turned into a career built entirely around one question: how do you manage a species that ignores every border humans have drawn?

Andrew and Holly cover what a Regional Fisheries Management Organization (RFMO) actually is and why nearly the entire ocean is already covered by one, why she says listening, not legal expertise, is the most important skill she's ever used at the negotiating table, and the story behind an all-night Thanksgiving session that produced a landmark UN resolution protecting deep-sea corals and seamounts from bottom trawling. Holly also explains why ISSF treats governance as being just as important as fishing practices, drawing a direct line from her anthropology background to her belief that governance is what civilization itself is built on, and breaks down exactly how ISSF's audits and public compliance data connect to the eco-labels shoppers see on a can of tuna.

This is the episode the whole week has been building toward. If you've been following along with Monday through Thursday's solo episodes, you've already heard the RFMO explainer, the bottom-trawling story, and the High Seas Treaty history. Here, Holly connects all of it, in her own words, including a memorable detail that resolves a question left open earlier in the week: which UN resolution she was actually in the room for.

Takeaways:

• International fisheries governance runs through treaty-based RFMOs that nearly every country with a stake in a fishery has legally bound itself to join and follow.
• The negotiating skill Holly says matters most isn't legal expertise, it's listening for what a country means behind what it says, since "where you stand depends on where you sit."
• The all-night Thanksgiving session that produced UN Resolution 61/105, the landmark bottom-trawling and seamount protections covered in this show's Tuesday companion episode, was chaired by Holly herself.
• Holly measures negotiating success by getting an agreement strong enough to matter while keeping every country that needs to ratify or implement it "inside the tent."
• ISSF doesn't certify fisheries itself. It builds the audited evidence trail, through annual company audits and public vessel compliance data, that feeds into the Marine Stewardship Council certification a shopper actually sees on a label.

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Between a fishing vessel out on the water and a can of tuna in your grocery cart, there is a complex, little-understood system working to verify whether you should trust what is on the label. In this episode of the How to Protect the Ocean Podcast, host Andrew Lewin breaks down how that system actually works, and why the blue check mark on your seafood means something real.

Andrew starts with the RFMO, a regional fisheries management organization: a treaty-based body where countries with a stake in a fishery legally bind themselves to cooperate on how it is managed. He walks through where these bodies actually meet, and how governance decisions travel from those negotiating rooms toward your dinner table. That includes the International Seafood Sustainability Foundation (ISSF), whose work spans science-based fisheries management, advancing improved fishing practices, transparency and verification tools like annual company audits and public vessel tracking, and policy engagement with RFMOs, and the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), whose certification functions as an eco-label with real financial weight behind it, including why MSC pulled its certification of the Maine lobster fishery twice, in August 2020 and again in December 2022.

The throughline is that ISSF and MSC are complementary but distinct approaches to the same goal, not two steps in a single pipeline. ISSF works across science, fishing practice, transparency, and RFMO policy; independent conformity assessment bodies, not ISSF, assess fisheries against the MSC standard. This episode sets up tomorrow's interview with an ISSF representative who has spent decades inside these negotiations and will walk through what that cooperation actually looks like in the room.

Takeaways:

• A regional fisheries management organization (RFMO) is a treaty-based body that turns "we should manage this fishery responsibly" into an enforceable, multi-country agreement.
• Eco-labels like MSC certification carry real financial weight. Losing one can force a fishery to change its practices, even when the science on the underlying risk is still ambiguous.
• ISSF's work spans science-based fisheries management, improved fishing practices, transparency and verification, and RFMO policy engagement, not just company audits and vessel tracking.
• ISSF and MSC are complementary but distinct: independent conformity assessment bodies, not ISSF, assess fisheries against the MSC certification standard.
• Per ISSF's 2025 audit-period report, participating companies achieved 98.8% aggregate conformance across 32 conservation measures (their tenth consecutive year above 90%), and PVR-registered vessels showed 75.6% aggregate compliance on vessel-specific conservation measures. These are two separate transparency metrics covering different populations, not a before-and-after comparison.

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There's a video online of a room full of exhausted diplomats breaking into applause after nearly 20 years of work. One woman brings down the gavel and says, "the ship has reached the shore." That moment, in March 2023, closed out a negotiation that had already failed once in public. It became binding international law this year, and the fight over what it actually protects is happening right now.

In this episode, Andrew traces the full history of the High Seas Treaty, formally the BBNJ Agreement (Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction): from the idea first raised at a UN Oceans working session in 2004, through nine years of debating whether a treaty was even needed, to the failed 2022 negotiating session, to the breakthrough text agreed in March 2023. He breaks down the treaty's four pillars, benefit-sharing from marine genetic resources, marine protected areas in international waters, environmental impact assessments for new high seas activity, and capacity building for coastal nations that can't afford their own deep-sea research fleets, and explains why each one was a genuine sticking point between countries.

The treaty entered into force on January 17, 2026, making it binding law rather than a symbolic milestone. Roughly two thirds of the ocean lies beyond any single country's jurisdiction, and before this treaty, less than one percent of that area had any form of protection. Ratifications are still climbing, the first Conference of the Parties is expected in January 2027, and a long list of unresolved questions, from secretariat hosting to how marine protected areas actually get designated, will get fought out there. It's not a perfect treaty. It's a beginning.

Takeaways:

• The High Seas Treaty (BBNJ) took roughly 20 years to negotiate, including a public failure at the fifth negotiating session in August 2022.
• Agreement on the treaty text was reached March 4, 2023, after a marathon final session; it was formally adopted June 19, 2023.
• The treaty rests on four pillars: marine genetic resource benefit-sharing, marine protected areas in international waters, environmental impact assessments, and capacity building/technology transfer.
• It needed 60 ratifications to take effect. Morocco became the 60th ratifying country on September 19, 2025.
• The treaty entered into force January 17, 2026, and now covers roughly two thirds of the ocean that previously had almost no protection.
• The first Conference of the Parties (COP1) is expected in January 2027, where major unresolved issues get decided.

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