How Writing Shapes Thinking: A Study of Teaching and Learning was written by Judith Langer and Arthur Applebee and published in 1987 by the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE). This collaborative work is concerned primarily with the contributions of written language to learning processes and cognitive development. Applebee and Langer argue that writing allows for careful consideration and articulation of ideas, demands organization of thought, and encourages meaningful reflection on one’s ideas. Thus, the teaching of writing impacts the “thinking requirements” for students.

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