On a black-sand beach, lava collides with ice or seawater to forge hyaloclastite —glass fragments instantly shattered by thermal shock and cemented into palagonite. In this episode we unravel how non-explosive quench fragmentation creates jigsaw-fit textures that freeze the exact moment of contact, how palagonitization turns loose debris into solid rock, and why these rocks preserve a record of past ice sheets. We’ll explore hyaloclastite layers under glaciers and at mid-ocean ridges, their role as paleoenvironmental archives, and their significance for geothermal reservoirs, hydrocarbon seals, and geohazards. A fire-water rock that links volcanism, the cryosphere, and the hydrosphere.

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