This is a comprehensive introduction to compiler theory and the systematic process of translating high-level programming languages into machine-executable code. We outline the modular architecture of a compiler, divided into a frontend for source analysis and a backend for target code synthesis. Key phases described include lexical analysis, where text is converted into a token stream, and syntactic analysis, which generates an abstract syntax tree. Then, we further explore semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, and various optimization techniques designed to improve program efficiency. Additionally, we help define the mathematical foundations of language processing, such as regular expressions, finite automata, and the use of symbol tables to manage program identifiers.

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