Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will be doing the last effector pathway for the functioning of GPCR, how does it actually happen, lets talk about this. The activated G proteins can open or close ion channels specific for Calcium or Potassium channels. This can occur without intervention of any second messenger like cAMP or IP3. This is achieved by hyperpolarisation or depolarisation or changes in intracellular Calcium ion concentration. Then Gs can open Calcium ion channels, Gi or Go can open Potassium ion channels, inhibit neuronal calcium ion channels. Another way is direct channel regulation, which is done by beta-gamma dimer dissociated from G protein. In this way, no component goes in vain and contributes to one or the other function through G protein receptor. With all these mechanisms, physiological responses like inotropy, chronotropy, transmitter release, etc follow to finally produce an effect! Next, I will be giving a list of receptors under different heads for each of the effector pathway of GPCR, but that being little lengthy will go with a little speed, as this wagon coach runs speedily, it will be subjected to brakes only on completion of the list. I expect all of you to write along with me or listen attentively and patiently, and if missed, opt to rewind and relisten.... Hoping a great, safe weekend time for all you my dear audience, till next episode, do follow me here, rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, thank you!!