When US President Franklin Roosevelt and UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill met at Casablanca, their ostensible agenda were the immediate war plans. By early 1943, the British had repelled Nazi Germany's intended invasion, the Russians had the German Army bogged down on the Eastern Front, and the Allies had together cleared the Axis powers out of North Africa. There were some thorny issues, notably how to invade mainland Europe and what to do with the Free French Forces, but instead of simple tactical steps, the main result of the conference was a declaration that "unconditional surrender" was the only way that the war would end. This meant the Axis powers had to be defeated and no negotiated peace could be had.