When we believe that a (originally ineffective) treatment will work, it usually produces a small physiological effect

We trust the opinions of authority figures and are often influenced by them

People think that outsiders are the same, while people in their own circle are different

It is a general belief that members of a group must have certain characteristics in common, although there is no specific personal information.

People will pursue small risks to zero, but will not reduce the probability of large risks in some way.

Believing that future possibilities are affected by past events

Preferring to remain the same and viewing even beneficial changes as a loss

Declinism: We tend to romanticize the past and view the future negatively, believing that the world is in decline

We think that others are more affected by mass media than ourselves.

When a wrong message is corrected, if the corrected message is inconsistent with people’s original views, it will unreasonably deepen people’s trust in the wrong message.