“In the 1970s, Iraq’s Ba‘th government escalated a campaign to ethnically cleanse the northern provincial city of Kirkuk, a multilingual town that had long been the hub of Iraq’s oil industry…”

So begins today’s story from Dr. Arbella Bet-Shlimon.

For further reading:

City of Black Gold: Oil, Ethnicity, and the Making of Modern Kirkuk by Arbella Bet-Shlimon (Stanford University Press, 2019)