In 1950, Allan Turing wrote about the imitation game. Place a computer behind a screen and have a human ask it questions by way of a keyboard. If the computer can answer the questions in a manner that makes it impossible for the human to tell whether the author was a human or a computer, the machine "passes" the test, and would be said to be possessed of general human intelligence. It was a narrow vision of intelligence and a purely instrumental view of what it meant to be human. 

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