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External weathering and erosion processes gradually become the dominant factors in the development of the landscape as tectonic activity ceases or becomes very slow. The influence of geology remains important but passes to a more detailed level in which’ rock type (lithology) and structure may strongly influence local relief features. In all landscapes, the critical factor is not so much the absolute resistance of a rock as its resistance relative to the rocks around it. It is this which creates the pattern of high and low relief. For instance, in south-east England, chalk is a relatively resistant rock in relation to adjacent strata, but in Northern Ireland, it is soft compared to surrounding basalts.

The granite, clays and limestones that form the landscapes are found in entirely different environments today from those in which they originated.

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