Without the 9th consciousness. This author struggles with Buddhahood as a state outside of human experience and tries to shoehorn it into the Alaya or 8th consciousness. This misunderstanding, as the author points out, results in the delusion of the Alaya as a permanent, self-nature or “soul”, which, completely violates the core teachings of anatman (no-soul), impermanence, and no “self-nature”, even in Buddhahood.