This episode reviews two articles "Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome in the Late Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury (LETBI) Study Cohort" and "Dementia Risk Due to Traumatic Brain Injury in Subtypes of Dementia in the Welsh Population," both investigate the long-term consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The first study aims to operationalize and test the applicability of traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) diagnostic criteria in individuals with TBI, exploring whether core clinical features of TES are prevalent regardless of repetitive head impact (RHI) exposure. Simultaneously, the second study assesses the association between TBI and the overall risk of dementia, as well as its specific subtypes, using extensive electronic health records to understand how TBI impacts neurodegenerative vulnerability.