Episode 91:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905
Autocracy and Orthodoxy
Popular Religion

[Part 3 - This Week]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905
Agriculture and Peasantry - 00:25

[Part 4 - 5?]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6 - 8?]
2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917

[Part 9 - 11?]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 12 - 15?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 16 - 18?]
5. War Communism

[Part 19 - 21?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 22 - 25?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 26?]
Conclusion

Figures:
2) Bringing in the harvest c.1910. - 00:38

Footnotes:
40) 00:40
David Moon, The Russian Peasantry, 1600–1930 (London: Longman, 1999).

41) 02:06
Richard G. Robbins, Famine in Russia, 1891–1892: The Imperial Government Responds to a Crisis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975).

42) 02:25
R. W. Davies, Mark Harrison, and S. G. Wheatcroft (eds), The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 59.

43) 02:42
Stephan Merl, ‘Socio-economic Differentiation of the Peasantry’, in R. W. Davies (ed.), From Tsarism to the New Economic Policy (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990), 52.

44) 03:29
A. G. Rashin, Naselenie Rossii za sto let (Moscow: Gos. Statisticheskoe Izd-vo, 1956), 198–9.

45) 03:59
Davies et al. (eds), Economic Transformation, 59; David L. Ransel, ‘Mothering, Medicine, and Infant Mortality in Russia: Some Comparisons’, Kennan Institute Occasional Papers, 1990, <https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/op236_mothering_medicine_ransel_1990.pdf>.

46) 04:31
Christine D. Worobec, Family and Community in the Post-Emancipation Period (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 175.

47) 05:57
P. N. Zyrianov, ‘Pozemel’nye otnosheniia v russkoi krest’ianskoi obshchine vo vtoroi polovine XIX—nachale XX veka’, in D. F. Aiatskov (ed.), Sobstvennost’ na zemliu v Rossii: istoriia i sovremennost’ (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2002), 154. Some sources put the number of peasant households in European Russia at 9.2 million.

48) 06:26
Worobec, Family, 25.

49) 07:01
Moon, Russian Peasantry, 172.

50) 07:19
Barbara Alpern Engel, Between the Fields and the City: Women, Work and Family in Russia, 1861–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); E. Kingston-Mann and T. Mixter, ‘Introduction’, in Esther Kingston-Mann and Timothy R. Mixter (eds), Peasant Economy, Culture and Politics in European Russia, 1800–1921 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 14–15.

51) 07:51
Naselenie Rossii v XX veke: istoricheskie ocherki, vol. 1: 1900–1939gg. (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2000), 57.

52) 08:39
Worobec, Family, 64; Barbara A. Engel, Women in Russia, 1700–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 90; B. M. Firsov and I. G. Kiseleva (eds), Byt velikorusskikh krest’ian-zemlepashtsev: opisanie materialov Etnograficheskogo biuro Kniazia V. N. Tenisheva: na primere Vladimirskoi gubernii (St Petersburg: Izd-vo Evropeiskogo doma, 1993), 262.

53) 09:04
Worobec, Family, 177.

54) 09:38
Mandakina Arora, ‘Boundaries, Transgressions, Limits: Peasant Women and Gender Roles in Tver’ Province, 1861–1914’, PhD Duke University, 1995, 44–50.

55) 09:55
Naselenie Rossii, 48.

56) 10:31
Stephen G. Wheatcroft, ‘Crises and the Condition of the Peasantry in Late Imperial Russia’, in Kingston-Mann and Mixter (eds), Peasant Economy, Culture and Politics of European Russiā.

57) 11:14
David Moon, ‘Russia’s Rural Economy, 1800–1930’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 1:4 (2000), 679–90.

58) 12:50
Paul R. Gregory, Before Command: An Economic History of Russia from Emancipation to the First Five-Year Plan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994); Boris Mironov, Blagosostoianie naseleniia i revoliutsii v imperskoi Rossii, XVII—nachalo XX veka (Moscow: Novyi Khronograf, 2010).

59) 12:58
Boris Mironov and Brian A’Hearn, ‘Russian Living Standards under the Tsars: Anthropometric Evidence from the Volga’, Journal of Economic History, 68:3 (2008), 900–29.

60) 13:12
J. Y. Simms, ‘The Crisis of Russian Agriculture at the End of the Nineteenth Century: A Different View’, Slavic Review, 36:3 (1977), 377–98; Eberhard Müller, ‘Der Beitrag der Bauern zur Industrialisierung Russlands, 1885–1930’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 27:2 (1979), 199–204.

61) 14:07
Wheatcroft, ‘Crises and the Condition of the Peasantry’, 138, 141, 151.

62) 15:33
Judith Pallot, Land Reform in Russia, 1906–1917: Peasant Responses to Stolypin’s Project of Rural Transformation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999), 95.

63) 15:49
Pallot, Land Reform, 97.

64) 16:39
Yanni Kotsonis, Making Peasants Backward: Agricultural Cooperatives and the Agrarian Question in Russia, 1861–1914 (London: Macmillan, 1999), 57.

65) 17:52
Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernisation, 81. Zhurov suggests that nationally between one-fifth and one-quarter of households were wealthy at the beginning of the twentieth century. Iu. V. Zhurov, ‘Zazhitovchnoe krest’ianstvo Rossii v gody revoliutsii, grazhdanskoi voiny i interventsii (1917–1920 gody)’, in Zazhitochnoe krest’ianstvo Rossii v istoricheskoi retrospektive (zemlevladenie, zemlepol’zovanie, proizvodstvo, mentalitet), XXVII sessiia simpoziuma po agrarnoi istorii Vostochnoi Evropy (Moscow: RAN, 2000), 147–54.

66) 18:48
Teodor Shanin, The Awkward Class: Political Sociology of Peasantry in a Developing Society, 1910–1925 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972).

67) 19:51
I. L. Koval’chenko, ‘Stolypinskaia agrarnaia reforma (mify i real’nost)’, Istoriia SSR, 2 (1991), 68–9.

68) 20:26
L. V. Razumov, Rassloenie krest’ianstva Tsentral’no-Promyshlennogo Raiona v kontse XIX–nachale XX veka (Moscow: RAN, 1996).

69) 22:31
‘Letter from Semyon Martynov, a peasant from Orël, August 1917’, in Mark Steinberg, Voices of Revolution (translations by Marian Schwartz) (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 242.

70) 22:52
John Channon, ‘The Landowners’, in Robert Service (ed.), Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992), 120.

71) 23:08
Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernisation, 89 (85).

72) 23:49
Worobec, Family, 31.

73) 24:54
Arcadius Kahan, Russian Economic History: The Nineteenth Century (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989), 190.

74) 25:27
Gregory Guroff and S. Frederick Starr, ‘A Note on Urban Literacy in Russia, 1890–1914’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 19:4 (1971), 520–31 (523–4).

75) 25:34
V. P. Leikina-Svirskaia, Russkaia intelligentsiia v 1900–1917 godakh (Moscow: Mysl’, 1981), 7.

76) 25:56
Barbara E. Clements, History of Women in Russia: From the Earliest Times to the Present (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012), 130.

77) 26:12
Engel, Women in Russiā, 92; A. G. Rashin, Formirovanie rabochego klassa Rossii (Moscow, 1958), 595.

78) 26:20
Patrick L. Alston, Education and the State in Tsarist Russia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1969), 248.

79) 26:29
Ben Eklof, Russian Peasant Schools: Officialdom, Village Culture, and Popular Pedagogy, 1861–1914 (Berkeley: University of California, 1986), 90.

80) 26:47
James C. McClelland, Autocrats and Academics: Education, Culture and Society in Tsarist Russia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 44.

81) 27:05
Eklof, Russian Peasant Schools, 89.

82) 27:40
E. M. Balashov, Shkola v rossiiskom obshchestve 1917–1927gg. Stanovlenie ‘novogo cheloveka’ (St Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 2003), 42; Scott J. Seregny, ‘Teachers, Politics and the Peasant Community in Russia, 1895–1918’, in Stephen White et al. (eds), School and Society in Tsarist and Soviet Russia (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1993), 121–48.

83) 28:06
Balashov, Shkola, 12.