Episode 95:

This week we’re continuing Russia in Revolution An Empire in Crisis 1890 - 1928 by S. A. Smith

[Part 1]
Introduction

[Part 2-5]
1. Roots of Revolution, 1880s–1905

[Part 6]
2. From Reform to War, 1906-1917
Prospects for Reform

[Part 7 - This Week]
2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917
On the Eve of War - 0:32
First World War - 12:47

[Part 8]
2. From Reform to War, 1906–1917

[Part 9 - 11?]
3. From February to October 1917

[Part 12 - 15?]
4. Civil War and Bolshevik Power

[Part 16 - 18?]
5. War Communism

[Part 19 - 21?]
6. The New Economic Policy: Politics and the Economy

[Part 22 - 25?]
7. The New Economic Policy: Society and Culture

[Part 26?]
Conclusion

Footnotes:
45) 1:23
Michael Melancon, The Lena Goldfields Massacre and the Crisis of the Late Tsarist State (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006), 116.

46) 2:34
Haimson and Petrusha, ‘Two Strike Waves in Imperial Russia’, 107.

47) 3:07
Hogan, Forging Revolution, 161.

48) 3:29
F. A. Gaida, ‘Politicheskaia obstanovka v Rossii nakanune Pervoi mirovoi voiny v otsenke gosudarstvennykh deiatelei i liderov partii’, Rossiiskaia istoriia, 6 (2011), 123–35; Jonathan W. Daly, The Watchful State: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1906–1917 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004), 147.

49) 4:29
Victoria E. Bonnell, Roots of Rebellion: Workers’ Politics and Organizations in St Petersburg and Moscow, 1900–1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).

50) 5:24
Shestoi s”ezd RSDLP (bol’shevikov): Avgust 1917 goda. Protokoly (Moscow, 1958), 47.

51) 5:37
D. A. Loeber (ed.), Ruling Communist Parties and their Status under Law (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1986), 63. Not all historians are persuaded that the Bolsheviks were taking over leadership of the labour movement: see R. B. McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions: Workers and Revolutionaries, June, 1907–February 1917 (London: Yale University Press, 1990).

52) 6:20
Postnikov, Territorial’noe razmeshchenie, 56.

53) 6:44
Patricia Herlihy, The Alcoholic Empire: Vodka and Politics in Late Imperial Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 145.

54) 8:34
V. B. Aksenov, ‘ “Sukhoi zakon” 1914 goda: ot pridvornoi intrigi do revoliutsii’, Rossiiskaia istoriia, 4 (2011), 126–39.

55) 8:44
For a view that individual and collective actors recoiled from taking decisive action in the political and social crisis on the eve of the war, for fear that they would be overwhelmed by an accelerating process of social polarization, see Leopold H. Haimson, ‘ “The Problem of Political and Social Stability in Urban Russia on the Eve of War” Revisited’, Slavic Review, 59:4 (2000), 848–75.

56) 8:58
Dowler, Russia in 1913, 279.

57) 9:24
Gilbert, Radical Right, ch. 6.

58) 9:29
Rossiia 1913 god: statistiko-dokumental’nyi spravochnik (St Petersburg: BLITs, 1995), 413–14.

59) 9:58
William C. Fuller, Civil–Military Conflict in Imperial Russia, 1881–1914 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985), 257.

60) 10:50
Mark D. Steinberg, Petersburg: Fin de Siècle (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), 244.

61) 11:40
Gatrell, Government, Industry, and Rearmament.

62) 12:17
<http://www2.stetson.edu/~psteeves/classes/durnovo.html>.

63) 13:02
Norman Stone, The Eastern Front, 1914–1917 (London: Penguin, 1998).

64) 15:43
Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century (London: Allen Lane, 1998), ix; David Stevenson, 1914–1918: The History of the First World War (London: Penguin, 2005), xix.

65) 16:10
G. F. Krivosheev (ed.), Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: poteri vooruzhyennykh sil. Statisticheskoe issledovanie (Moscow: OLMA, 2001).

66) 17:34
Boris Kolonitskii, Tragicheskaia erotika: obrazy, imperatorskoi sem’i v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny (Moscow: NLO, 2010), 73.

67) 18:25
Joshua Sanborn, Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 29.

68) 19:26
Cited in Peter Gatrell, ‘Tsarist Russia at War: The View from Above, 1914–February 1917’, Journal of Modern History, 87:3 (2015), 668–700 (689).

69) 19:54
David R. Stone, The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914–1917 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015), 48; Eric Lohr, Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign Against Enemy Aliens during the First World War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 136.

70) 21:17
Peter Gatrell, A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War One (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 3.

71) 21:29
Tomas Balkelis, ‘Demobilization and Remobilization of German and Lithuanian Paramilitaries after the First World War’, Journal of Contemporary History, 50:1 (2015), 38–57 (38).

72) 23:22
Donald Bloxham, The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

73) 24:04
Edward J. Erickson, Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War One (London: Routledge, 2007), 1.

74) 24:04
A. B. Astashov, Russkii front v 1914-nachale 1917 goda: voennyi opyt i sovremennost’ (Moscow: Novyi Khronograf, 2014), 19, 23.

75) 25:54
P. P. Shcherbinin, ‘Women’s Mobilization for War (Russian Empire)’, International Encyclopedia of the First World War, <http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/womens_mobilization_for_war_russian_empire>.

76) 27:34
Stone, Russian Army, 4.

77) 29:05
Stone, Russian Army, ch. 7.

78) 30:33
Edward D. Sokol, The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1954). Gene Huskey refers to an ‘unknown genocide’, in which 100,000 to 120,000 out of 780,000 Kyrghyz were slaughtered: Gene Huskey, ‘Kyrgyzstan: The Politics of Demographic and Economic Frustration’, in Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras (eds), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 400.

79) 31:01
Astashov, Russkii front, 116, 160.

80) 31:10
William G. Rosenberg, ‘Reading Soldiers’ Moods: Russian Military Censorship and the Configuration of Feeling in World War I’, American Historical Review, 119:3 (2014), 714–40 (716).

81) 32:54
A. B. Astashov and P. A. Simmons, Pis’ma s voiny 1914–1917 (Moscow: Novyi khronograf, 2015), 128.

82) 33:25
Joshua Sanborn, ‘The Mobilization of 1914 and the Question of the Russian Nation’, Slavic Review, 59:2 (2000), 267–89; S. A. Smith, ‘Citizenship and the Russian Nation during World War I: A Comment’, Slavic Review, 59:2 (2000), 316–29.

83) 33:38
Astashov, Russkii front, 133–4, 179–87.

84) 34:24
Quoted in A. B. Astashov, ‘Russkii krest’ianin na frontakh Pervoi mirovoi voiny’, Otechestvennaia istoriia, 2 (2003), 72–86 (75); Karen Petrone, The Great War in Russian Memory (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 91.

85) 34:44
Mark von Hagen, ‘The Entangled Front in the First World War’, in Eric Lohr et al. (eds), The Empire and Nationalism at War (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2014), 9–48 (36); Sanborn, Imperial Apocalypse, 130.

86) 35:28
Igor V. Narskii, ‘The Frontline Experience of Russian Soldiers in 1914–16’, Russian Studies in History, 51:4 (2013), 31–49.

87) 36:21
Astashov, Russkii front, 224, 279–300.

88) 36:45
Krivosheev (ed.), Rossiia, table 52.

89) 37:02
Dietrich Beyrau, ‘Brutalization Revisited: The Case of Russia’, Journal of Contemporary History, 50:1 (2015), 15–37 (18).

90) 37:29
Krivosheev (ed.), Rossiia, table 56.