We examine the mid-twentieth-century movements that challenged inequality and expanded the meaning of American democracy. This episode explores the African American civil rights movement alongside broader struggles for social justice, including women's rights, Latino activism, Native American movements, and youth protest. We'll look at landmark court cases, grassroots activism, federal legislation, and the tensions between reform and resistance. Positioned in the final phase of the course, this lesson shows how sustained protest and social movements reshaped laws, culture, and national expectations about equality and citizenship in the modern United States.