In this episode. Hao discusses the significance of using frames of reference over models of practice in occupational therapy. He notes the common practice of fitting patients to models like the Model of Human Occupation, the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance, and the Kawa Model, which may misdirect focus. Instead, Hao argues that therapists should start with understanding the patient's specific problems and then utilize appropriate frames of reference to guide treatment and intervention principles. He provides examples such as dealing with endurance issues in patients recovering from pneumonia using the biomechanical frame of reference, and addressing disorientation in delirious patients with cognitive or neurodevelopmental approaches. Hao emphasizes the need for clinicians to be familiar with multiple frames of reference to effectively address the diverse and complex problems faced by patients.