Had the Battle of Badr turned out the other way, the history of the Middle East, Islam, and the whole world would have been completely different. Muhammad commanded the forces from the city of Medina, who he had gathered under the Constitution of Medina in 622, and was largely assisted by early Muslims. Facing off against him were members of the Qurayshi tribe from Mecca, the tribe of Muhammad's people and the city where he grew up. The Meccans hated their opponent for being an outcast who was promulgating a new monotheistic religion, but especially because the city of Medina, now led by Muhammad, was attacking Meccan caravans. Abu Jahl, the leader of the Meccans, had an army that vastly outnumbered Muhammad's Medinan forces, and had even seemed to surprise the Medinans by appearing near to Medina at Badr. Through discipline, organization, and general tactical brilliance, Muhammad led his troops to an incredible victory. In Islam, the Battle of Badr would be seen as a miracle that was assisted by angelic forces. In the Arabian Peninsula, it made Muhammad the leading authority and allowed Islam to flourish even further.