For today's episode, we are moving away from conquest, and towards political unions and the concept of 'Composite States'. In doing so we will be using the Kalmar Union (1397 to 1523) as a case study to explore the topic.  

If you enjoyed this episode and want to learn more, then be sure to read the following: 

- Elliott, J. H., ‘A Europe of Composite Monarchies’, Past & Present 137 (1992), pp. 48–71 

- Koenigsberger, Helmut G. 'Composite States, Representative Institutions and the American Revolution,' Historical Research 62 (1989), pp. 135–53.  

Material on the Kalmar Union: 

- Thomas Riis, 'The states of Scandinavia', The New Cambridge Medieval History, c.1415-c.1500, ed. C. Allmand, Cambridge 1998. 

- S. C. Rowell, 'Baltic Europe', and Claude Michaud, 'The kingdoms of Central Europe in the fourteenth century' in The New Cambridge Medieval History, c.1300-c.1415  

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