This IMF working paper investigates the causes behind Europe's lagging productivity growth compared to the United States. Through firm-level analysis, the authors identify performance gaps in both leading and young, high-growth European companies. The paper highlights smaller market sizes and limited access to equity financing as key obstacles for larger firms, while skill shortages and insufficient venture capital hinder the development of startups. Ultimately, the study suggests that deeper market integration and national reforms aimed at resource reallocation and human capital enhancement could revitalize Europe's productivity.