1. Violent Families Family violence (intimate partner, child, elder) is characterized by social isolation, abuse of power/control, substance use (diminishes inhibitions but doesn't cause abuse), and the intergenerational transmission process (violence is a learned behavior).

2. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) The abuser often displays low self-esteem and views their partner as property. The abused partner frequently stays due to financial dependency and fear. Crucially, the risk of homicide is highest when the victim attempts to leave.

• Cycle of Violence: Tension-building, a violent episode, and a honeymoon period (remorse). Over time, the honeymoon phase vanishes.
• Nursing Priorities: Always screen for abuse by asking clients privately, "Do you feel safe?".
• Do's/Don'ts: Do believe the client and help build a safety plan. Don't tell them to leave or recommend couples' counseling.

3. Child Abuse & Neglect Child maltreatment includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, but neglect is the most prevalent.

• Red Flags: Treatment delays, stories inconsistent with the injury (e.g., a 2-month-old rolling off a couch), and recognizable injury shapes (cigarette burns, stocking/glove scalds).
• Nursing Priorities: Nurses are mandatory reporters in all 50 states. You do not need to be certain; simply document and report. Do not interrogate the child yourself.

4. Elder Abuse Typically perpetrated by a caregiver. It involves physical, financial, psychosocial, or neglectful abuse. Abuse may develop gradually from caregiver burnout or intentionally for financial gain.

• Red Flags: Unpaid bills despite having funds, poor hygiene, and caregiver refusal to let the nurse speak to the patient alone. Reporting laws vary by state.

5. Rape & Sexual Assault Rape is legally defined as penetration without consent. It is not a sexual crime; it is an exertion of power, control, and punishment.

• Assessment: Preserve physical evidence. The exam must occur before the client showers, brushes teeth, douches, or changes clothes.
• Interventions: Restore the client's sense of control. Allow them to make decisions about their care and whether to press charges. Provide STD and pregnancy prophylaxis.

6. Communication & Community Violence Manage your own feelings of horror and never victim-blame. Say, "The abuse is not your fault". Help clients transition from "victims" to empowered "survivors". In communities, recognize that bullying and ostracism carry heavy risks for depression and youth suicide.