This episode explores the principles of antibacterial therapy. Drawing from Murray’s chapter, it examines how antibiotics exploit bacterial structure and physiology to achieve selective toxicity - harming microbes while sparing host cells.

The episode moves through major drug classes: cell wall synthesis inhibitors, protein synthesis inhibitors, nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors, metabolic antagonists, and membrane disruptors. Rather than memorising lists, the narrative frames each class as a strategic strike against a specific bacterial vulnerability.

Resistance mechanisms are addressed as evolutionary countermeasures - enzymatic degradation, target modification, efflux pumps, and reduced permeability. The episode emphasises stewardship, pharmacodynamics, bactericidal versus bacteriostatic activity, and the importance of narrowing therapy when possible.

Clinically, this chapter explains treatment failures, multidrug resistance, and why antibiotic choice must align with organism, site, and patient factors. Conceptually, it reinforces that antimicrobial therapy is an arms race - precision and restraint are essential.

Key Takeaways

* Antibiotics achieve selective toxicity by targeting bacterial-specific structures

* Major drug classes correspond to distinct bacterial processes

* Resistance mechanisms evolve through genetic adaptation

* Susceptibility testing informs rational prescribing

* Stewardship preserves antibiotic effectiveness

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