The emergence of microbe-derived therapeutics represents a fundamental shift from traditional drug discovery toward the use of engineered biological systems as both production factories and living medicines. These sources explain how advancements in synthetic biology and genetic engineering allow microbes to synthesize complex molecules, such as insulin, or act as intelligent couriers that sense and treat disease locally within the body. Unlike static chemical drugs, these living agents must be designed for evolutionary stability and biocontainment to ensure they do not mutate or persist unintentionally. The literature emphasizes that while AI and CRISPR accelerate the design of these systems, success depends on managing the metabolic burden placed on the host cell and navigating unique regulatory and safety hurdles. Ultimately, the field is moving toward a model where functional complexity is encoded directly into genetic programs, offering new solutions for targets that are unreachable by conventional small molecules.

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