Comprehensive review of Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) for colorectal cancer, distinguishing the settled science of laparoscopic colon resection from the ongoing controversy of rectal resection. The episode details how pivotal trials (ACOSOG, ALaCaRT) failed to prove non-inferiority for laparoscopic proctectomy, primarily due to higher rates of compromised Circumferential Radial Margin (CRM) in the deep pelvis. Technical solutions like the Reverse Smile technique for anastmosis are discussed to mitigate weak spots from stapler limitations. The RoLAR trial demonstrated that robotics is not clinically superior to standard laparoscopy but is significantly more costly. Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision (TaTME) is presented as a radical technique to improve CRM, though it remains under intense scrutiny due to international concerns over multifocal recurrence patterns. Hand Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery (HALS) is noted as a practical bridge that retains MIS benefits while providing crucial haptic feedback for quality control.