Arnold Toynbee, a historian and critic of Western civilization, will long be remembered.  Toynbee, who died at the age of 86, was born on April 14, 1889 into a family of distinguished scholars and philanthropists.  Although he was best known for his twelve‑volume A Study of History, which was written over a 34‑year period, Toynbee was still vocal about a wide range of topics from sex to religion to the spread of cities.