The podcast discusses Mosca's Theorem, a critical framework for assessing and mitigating the cybersecurity risks posed by future quantum computers. This theorem, often expressed as the inequality (X+Y)>Z, highlights the urgency of preparing for a "Store Now, Decrypt Later" attack, where encrypted data is harvested today for future decryption by powerful quantum machines. X represents the required security lifespan of data, Y signifies the time needed for an organization to migrate to quantum-safe systems, and Z is the estimated time until a cryptographically relevant quantum computer becomes operational. The theorem emphasizes that if the sum of X and Y exceeds Z, an organization is already at significant risk, necessitating immediate, proactive measures like adopting Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), implementing crypto-agility, and using hybrid cryptographic solutions to secure digital assets well before a definitive "Q-Day."