As ACA subsidies end and the new year begins, this episode resumes the Obamacare thread by comparing how leading Gilded Age figures would view the Affordable Care Act.

Drawing on the beliefs of presidents and senators such as Grover Cleveland, William McKinley, Henry Cabot Lodge, and Albert Beveridge, the episode explains how their laissez-faire, moral-order view of government would cast the ACA as coercive, paternalistic, and constitutionally dangerous—favoring markets, charity, and local solutions over national mandates and federal redistribution.