This chapter from Outdoor Emergency Care: A Patroller’s Guide to Medical Care specifically addresses pediatric emergencies, highlighting the anatomical and physiological differences between children and adults that influence assessment and treatment. It outlines various stages of child development, normal vital signs for different age groups, and effective communication techniques for young patients and their caregivers. The text covers common pediatric illnesses and injuries, emphasizing assessment skills using the pediatric assessment triangle and modifications for physical exams based on age. Furthermore, it provides guidance on the management of pediatric emergencies, including respiratory issues, seizures, and suspected child abuse or neglect, alongside a case study illustrating these principles in practice.