Online harassment doesn’t always stay online—sometimes it turns into real-life danger. It might begin with rude comments, but it can quickly escalate into doxing, threats, or targeted campaigns that threaten someone’s home, workplace, or even physical safety. For marginalized communities, this kind of harassment can be especially relentless, adding more layers of risk to what’s already a vulnerable situation.

Still, there are ways we can push back – from stepping up our own security practices, to rallying community support when things feel unsafe. But how did we get to a point where these online platforms seem almost designed to amplify hate? And why do so many people, particularly those already at risk, end up as the primary targets? To understand how we got here—and what can be done—I sat down with Ari Waldman, a Professor of Law at the University of California, Irvine. 

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