OpenAI manages a massive PostgreSQL infrastructure to support hundreds of millions of users by utilizing a single-primary architecture with dozens of global read replicas. To maintain stability under extreme traffic, the engineering team implemented rigorous query optimizations, connection pooling through PgBouncer, and aggressive caching strategies. They mitigate the limitations of a single writer by migrating write-heavy workloads to sharded systems like Azure Cosmos DB and enforcing strict rate limits. High availability is ensured through regional workload isolation and the use of hot standbys to prevent total service outages. This technical evolution allows the platform to process millions of queries per second while maintaining low latency and high reliability. Future scaling plans include testing cascading replication to expand their global database footprint even further. Source: https://openai.com/index/scaling-postgresql/