In this episode, we unpack the Second Opium War—the conflict that forced China to legalize opium, opened Beijing to foreign powers, and helped ignite the “Century of Humiliation.” From the Arrow Incident to the burning of the Summer Palace, we trace how Papaver somniferum reshaped global trade and politics.We also break down the drug itself: opium vs. heroin, how morphine works in the brain, and how addiction escalated. Then we fast-forward to today—Portugal, Oregon, and the legalization debate—asking why drug policy succeeds in some places and fails in others.Sources:Sources:

⁠https://www.history.com/articles/taiping-rebellion⁠

⁠https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/second-opium-war⁠

⁠https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-11/pekingese-dog-looty-from-beijing-palace-to-queen-victorias-pet/12876904⁠

⁠https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/timelines/the-franco-british-expedition-to-china-1860/⁠

⁠https://asiapacificcurriculum.ca/learning-module/opium-wars-china⁠