In this episode of OSCE Talk, we break down Parkinson’s Disease in a clear, structured, and clinically relevant way.

We start with what Parkinson’s actually is — a progressive neurodegenerative condition caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra — and explain how this leads to the classic features of Parkinsonism.

We then cover the key clinical features using the TRAP mnemonic (Tremor, Rigidity, Akinesia/Bradykinesia, Postural Instability), alongside important non-motor symptoms such as autonomic dysfunction, sleep disturbance, and cognitive changes.

We also go through how Parkinson’s presents in real life — from subtle early symptoms like loss of smell and reduced dexterity, to more advanced disease with falls, hallucinations, and functional decline.

A key focus of this episode is learning how to think through differentials, including:

• Drug-induced Parkinsonism
• Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)
• Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)
• Lewy Body Dementia
• Essential Tremor

We explain how to distinguish these conditions in exams and clinical practice.

Finally, we cover investigation and management, including the role of levodopa, dopamine agonists, and key practical points for the wards — such as never stopping Parkinson’s medications abruptly.

This episode is designed to help you recognise Parkinson’s, differentiate it safely, and approach it confidently in OSCEs and real clinical settings.