This medical article by Dr. J.W. Thomas Byrd discusses piriformis syndrome, a condition causing buttock pain and sciatica due to sciatic nerve compression by the piriformis muscle. The article details the syndrome's anatomy, etiology (often involving overuse or trauma), and diagnostic assessment, emphasizing the importance of differentiating it from other conditions. Treatment options range from conservative approaches like physical therapy and medication to surgical release in severe cases. While surgical outcomes are generally positive, careful patient selection is crucial for success. The article concludes by summarizing the syndrome's characteristics and highlighting the need for a thorough diagnosis.