The excerpts discuss the concept of "apparatus" in relation to knowledge and power, as described by the philosopher Michel Foucault. Foucault argues that apparatuses are heterogeneous systems comprised of discursive, institutional, and architectural elements which function to control and shape the behaviors of individuals and societies. The text explores how the confession as an apparatus is used to regulate sexuality within the context of societal power structures, particularly with respect to the modern prison system. Foucault analyzes the historical development of this apparatus, tracing its origins and transformations throughout history. He argues that apparatuses, including the confession, are not static but rather constantly evolve and re-interpret existing practices. The excerpts further discuss how the analysis of power should consider both the top-down and bottom-up perspectives, as power operates through coordinated and dynamic interactions between individuals and institutions.