Justin Khoo, an associate professor of Philosophy at MIT, begins this episode with the assertion that philosophy asks the most fundamental questions we can possibly articulate—but this assertion is not innocent. Asking the most fundamental questions we can possibly articulate may come at the cost of undermining conceptual, schematic, ideological, and often disciplinary frameworks upon which scientific findings are predicated. Through discussion of code speech, political speech, philosophy of language, aesthetic objects, hypothetical epistemic advantages, and the foundations of our current political (dis)order, this episode draws attention to stubborn frameworks and axioms, not necessarily undermining them, but questioning their validity and utility.

This episode at times historicizes, allegorizes, analytically analyzes, narrativizes, and outright complains about the objects we're discussing—be it the referents of language or a film or a quote by Trump or the blind-spots of a discipline. The very fact of our discussion of the so-upheld "distinctions" between various methodologies and ideological orientations demonstrates the apparent need for a division among academic disciplines—but why?

If there's a degree of meta-discourse throughout this episode, it's in reference to our frightening political climate. Parts of the world are literally on fire and yet we pontificate about Trump's contradictions and the subversive strategy of code speech. I want to acknowledge this tension, and optimistically suggest that perhaps exposing contradictions or calling out hypocrisy is a small act of resistance, even if it does project the frame of rationality on completely irrational actions.

Justin's Website 

3am interview 

Judging for Ourselves

Political and Coded Speech

Willard Van Orman Quine ; Two Dogmas of Empiricism

Peter Van Inwagen

Michael Lynch: Trump, Truth, and the Power of Contradiction

Jason Stanley: Democracy and the Demagogue

‘You Can’t Pin Him Down’: Trump’s Contradictions Are His Ultimate Cover

Jennifer Lackey: Acting on Knowledge

Justin's podcast: Cows in the Field 

Minority Report 

The Shining 

Artwork: Maja Mishevska, Brown '27