Surprise is an individual’s psychological and emotional response to experience that does not align with that individual’s paradigm and expectations. It is the sense of astonishment, wonder, or amazement that is caused by something sudden or unexpected. The experience of surprise varies with the importance of the outcome, as well as beliefs about the outcome. 

Jake explains how the concept of surprise is relevant to many aspects of human behavior. It also affects beliefs about other events. When a person takes an unexpected stance that violates his or her self-interest, the person’s arguments are surprising and quite often more persuasive.

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