According to the latest 2023 population census, the enumerated population has reached 230.4 million—indicating an increase of 17.2 million people from the 2017 census. While the fertility rate has dropped globally; it remains stubbornly high in Pakistan where women and girls lack access to sexual and reproductive healthcare, including contraception. Rapid population growth seems like a daunting prospect for a country struggling with public finances and political turmoil. In this episode, Dr. Ijaz Nabi and Dr. Zeba Sathar discuss some key issues concerning population growth in Pakistan.