This article introduces Jared Diamond's book, Why Do Some Countries Get Rich and Others Poor?, which expands on his "human grand history trilogy." The book explores two main questions: factors influencing national prosperity and risks facing human society. Diamond primarily attributes wealth disparity to geographical factors like latitude, proximity to the sea, natural resources, and environmental issues. However, the text also emphasizes the crucial role of institutional frameworks, positing that strong economic, social, and political systems are essential for national development. Furthermore, the source discusses how risk perception in modern society can lead to overlooking common dangers while exaggerating rare ones, advocating for "constructive paranoia" and a rational approach to both individual and societal challenges, including climate change, inequality, and resource sustainability.