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References:

1. https://anaesthetists.org/Portals/0/PDFs/Guidelines%20PDFs/Recommendations%20for%20standards%20of%20monitoring%20during%20anaesthesia%20and%20recovery%202021.pdf?ver=2021-05-26-141701-007
2. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/patient-safety/9789241598590-eng-checklist.pdf
3. Sjoding MW et al. Racial Bias in Pulse Oximetry Measurement. N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 17;383(25):2477-2478.
4. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-use-and-regulation-of-pulse-oximeters-information-for-healthcare-professionals
5. https://ics.ac.uk/resource/pulse-oximetry-and-ethnicity.html
6. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/equity-in-medical-devices-independent-review-final-report
7. Al-Halawani R et al. A review of the effect of skin pigmentation on pulse oximeter accuracy. Physiol Meas. 2023 Jun 1;44(5):05TR01.
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9. Tobin MJ and Jubran A. Pulse oximetry, racial bias and statistical bias. Ann Intensive Care. 2022 Jan 4;12(1):2.
10. Martin D et al. Effect of skin tone on the accuracy of the estimation of arterial oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2024 May;132(5):945-956.
11. Ries AL et al. Accuracy of two ear oximeters at rest and during exercise in pulmonary patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 685–9.
12. https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/amy-moran-thomas-pulse-oximeter/
13. Bickler PE et al. Effects of skin pigmentation on pulse oximeter accuracy at low saturation. Anesthesiology. 2005 Apr;102(4):715-9.
14. Feiner JR et al. Dark skin decreases the accuracy of pulse oximeters at low oxygen saturation: the effects of oximeter probe type and gender. Anesth Analg. 2007 Dec;105(6 Suppl):S18-S23.
15. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/government-response-to-the-report-of-the-equity-in-medical-devices-independent-review/government-response-to-the-report-of-the-equity-in-medical-devices-independent-review#the-governments-response-to-the-report
16. Baskett F. Books: Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed For Men: Mind the Gap. Br J Gen Pract. 2020 Apr 30;70(694):250.
17. https://www.bma.org.uk/news-and-opinion/in-harm-s-way#:~:text=One%20by%20union%20Prospect%2C%20last,postings%20to%20the%20online%20portal
18. Vyas DA et al. Hidden in Plain Sight - Reconsidering the Use of Race Correction in Clinical Algorithms. N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 27;383(9):874-882.
19. MBRRACE-UK Report 2024 Key Messages: https://www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/assets/downloads/mbrrace-uk/reports/maternal-report-2024/MBRRACE-UK_Maternal_Report_2024%20_Lay_Summary_V1.0.pdf
20. Bamber JH et al. A national cohort study to investigate the association between ethnicity and the provision of care in obstetric anaesthesia in England between 2011 and 2021. Anaesthesia. 2023 Jul;78(7):820-829.
21. Kearns RJ, Kyzayeva A, Halliday LOE, Lawlor DA, Shaw M, Nelson SM. Epidural analgesia during labour and severe maternal morbidity: population based study. BMJ. 2024 May 22;385:e077190.