Modern data lakehouse architecture, which resolves the shortcomings of earlier data lakes by integrating data warehouse features.

Central to this new paradigm is Apache Iceberg, an open table format that sits atop low-cost cloud object storage, enabling crucial features like ACID transactions, safe schema evolution, and high-performance querying through a sophisticated metadata layer.

The text thoroughly details Iceberg's three-layer architecture—Catalog, Metadata, and Data—and contrasts it with the physical foundation provided by scalable object storage and efficient columnar file formats like Parquet and ORC.

Finally, the analysis explores the diverse compute ecosystem, profiling specialized query engines—including Spark for ETL, Trino for interactive analytics, Flink for streaming, and managed platforms like Snowflake and Dremio—that leverage Iceberg's open standard to operate concurrently on a single, consistent data source.