International rail networks become uniquely vulnerable at borders because critical flows concentrate into a few corridors and ports of entry, while operational interdependencies (services, rolling stock, crew) turn local constraints into network wide delay cascades. The most effective countermeasures combine cross border governance (shared playbooks, joint incident command, mutual aid) with technical resilience (slack capacity, modular operations, predictive monitoring, network aware rerouting, and cyber physical hardening), all aimed at preventing constraint overload and shortening time spent in cascade mode.

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