See how the Civil War and Reconstruction shattered the original constitutional order. In this episode, we’ll explore the Fourteenth Amendment—how it transformed the Constitution from a pact among states into a charter of individual rights enforceable by the federal government. We’ll examine how industrialization and national markets created pressures that dual federalism couldn’t contain. And we’ll meet the Lochner Court—the judges who tried to protect economic liberty while tolerating racial segregation, creating contradictions that would haunt constitutional law for generations.

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