Reflexes

Swallow and gag. IX to nucleus solitarius, nucleus ambiguus to IX and X

Sneeze and cough. V to trigeminal sensory nucleus, nucleus ambiguus to IX, X, connections to respiratory and phrenic

Corneal. V to trigeminal sensory nucleus. Facial motor nucleus to V.

Jaw jerk. V from mastication muscle spindle afferents to trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. Trigeminal motor to V (closes jaw).

Stapedius TT reflex. VIII to cochlear nuclei. Facial nucleus to V, trigeminal motor nucleus to V.

Pupils equal and reactive. II to lateral geniculate nucleus. Edinger-Westphalia nucleus to ciliary ganglion to ciliary muscles (incidentally neural crest structures. Signal to nuclei on both sides. RAPD is seen where II to LGN stem has disease.

Lacrimation and salivation. Pavlov’s classical conditioning. Superior salivary nucleus is for the facial nerve which, through the sphenopalatine ganglion, innervates the lacrimal glands, through the submandibular ganglion the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. Inferior salivary nucleus is for the glossopharyngeal nerve which through the otic ganglion innervates parotid salivary gland.