Appendages – Definition, types (arms, legs, fins, wings), and their roles in mobility and interaction.Evolution of Appendages – Adaptive purposes of appendages across species for survival.Muscle Contraction – Explanation of contraction as a process involving actin and myosin.Types of Contractions – Voluntary and involuntary muscle actions, with examples.Vulnerability in Biology and Psychology – Physical and emotional aspects of vulnerability.Evolutionary Adaptations for Protection – How organisms evolve to protect their vulnerable areas.Reflex Actions – Explanation of reflexes, including spinal reflexes like the knee-jerk response.Importance of Reflexes – Role of reflexes in survival and protective mechanisms.Flinch Response – Overview of flinching as an involuntary response to threat or pain.Neural Pathways of Flinching – How the nervous system supports rapid flinch reflexes.Medulla Oblongata – Role of the medulla in controlling basic life functions like breathing.Brain Hemispheres – Left and right hemispheres and their specialized cognitive functions.Hemispheric Communication – Corpus callosum and how the hemispheres work together.Cerebrum Function – Overview of the cerebrum’s role in higher cognitive processes.Paralysis and its Causes – Causes of paralysis and the impact on physical and daily functioning.
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