Here we discuss how best to use fluid therapy in our critical patients – specifically, the concept of fluid stewardship, hidden fluids, replacement versus maintenance fluids, sodium load and when fluid overload can happen. All in relation to a recent study entitled: Retrospective Evaluation of Risk Factors and Outcome in Dogs With and Without Fluid Overload During Hospitalization in the journal of veterinary internal medicine.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jvim.70132
The International Fluid Academy https://www.fluidacademy.org/